As the cultivated ground of estates grew in size, it gradually came to be divided into compartments. These subdivisions had been generally formed of latticework with square or diamond-shaped apertures, much more or less ornamental as throughout the classic era. There have been beds for plants raised several inches above the level of the path, retained by a stone coping, and fenced in with wattles, latticework, or open wooden railings. Fruit trees and herbs predominated, for as yet flowers were given no especial prominence in the garden. The principal paths or alleys have been covered with sand, and normally broad sufficient for two or three folks to pace abreast. Narrower paths were intended to facilitate the weeding with the beds.
Resting-places had been provided for those who found walking or standing tiresome. Simple benches cushioned with turf have been built into embrasures or against the wall. Earth banked up around the trunk of the tree, grassed over and held in spot by wattled osiers, formed a circular seat. Inside the center from the garden a three-sided exedra built of stone or brick, covered with grass and flowers, generally formed probably the most crucial function. Arbors or bowers were wooden structures covered by shrubs and vines and usually shading a comfortable seat.
Water in numerous forms was usually, if feasible, introduced into the garden. Fishponds, bathing pools, and fountains were common. Generally the central and most ornamental architectural function of the pleasure garden was a fountain. The earliest
of an ornamental appearance have been apparently of Oriental design.
A maze or labyrinth was frequently laid out in or near the garden. An early form seems to have consisted of a network of underground passages, creating the approach to a hidden bower almost impossible for the uninitiated. Numerous of these mysterious subterranean labyrinths existed in England, the most celebrated a single being that built by Henry II to conceal fair Rosamond’s bower at Woodstock. The bower, in her case, was a small stone building enclosing a well, a large enough dwelling-place for 1 or two people.
Other functions with the garden, also built at a later date, have been menageries, aviaries, apiaries, and dovecotes. Birds and bees everywhere added a lot for the charm with the garden. Swans swam within the basins and moat, peacocks strutted along the alleys and perched on top of the walls, and doves flew to and from their spacious homes. All these had been served up as delicacies at meals.
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